“Unlocking the Secrets of Urine: A Comprehensive Guide to Urine Examination”

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Created by Sandeep Sir Medico

"Mastering Urine Examination: 20 MCQs with Answers for Competitive and Academic Success"

1 / 20

1. The presence of eosinophilic casts in urine may be indicative of:

a. Bacterial infection

b. Glomerulonephritis

c. Renal calculi

d. Allergic interstitial nephritis

2 / 20

2. What is the primary function of casts in urine?

a. To help maintain pH balance

b. To store waste products

c. To transport urea

d. To provide a matrix for proteins

3 / 20

3. Which type of crystal is often associated with ammonium urate?

a. Calcium oxalate crystals

b. Uric acid crystals

c. Cholesterol crystals

d. Ammonium urate crystals

4 / 20

4. Hyaline casts are primarily composed of:

a. Crystals

b. Protein

c. White blood cells

d. Red blood cells

5 / 20

5. What is the most common type of epithelial cell found in urine?

a. Columnar epithelial cells

b. Renal tubular epithelial cells

c. Transitional epithelial cells

d. Squamous epithelial cells

6 / 20

6. What is the primary function of casts in urine?

a. To provide a matrix for proteins

b. To transport urea

c. To store waste products

d. To help maintain pH balance

7 / 20

7. The presence of white blood cell casts in urine may indicate:

a. Pyelonephritis

b. Dehydration

c. Hematuria

d. Proteinuria

8 / 20

8. Which type of crystal is often associated with a strong ammonia odor in urine?

a. Calcium oxalate crystals

b. Ammonium urate crystals

c. Uric acid crystals

d. Cholesterol crystals

9 / 20

9. The presence of urate crystals in urine may appear as:

a. Hexagonal plates

b. Colorless needles

c. Coffin-lid-shaped crystals

d. Brown amorphous granules

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10. Which of the following is not a type of white blood cell?

a. Thrombocyte

b. Eosinophil

c. Neutrophil

d. Monocyte

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11. The presence of which type of crystals in urine is associated with cystinuria?

a. Cystine crystals

b. Triple phosphate crystals

c. Uric acid crystals

d. Calcium oxalate crystals

12 / 20

12. Which type of cell is a hallmark of chronic renal disease?

a. Epithelial cells

b. Red blood cells

c. White blood cells

d. Renal tubular cells

13 / 20

13. Dysmorphic red blood cells in urine are suggestive of:

a. Urologic cancer

b. Glomerular bleeding

c. Lower urinary tract bleeding

d. Tubular bleeding

14 / 20

14. What is the primary function of transitional epithelial cells?

a. Secretion of hormones

b. Lining the urinary tract

c. Absorption of nutrients

d. Transport of oxygen

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15. Which type of crystal may appear as "sheaves of wheat" in urine?

a. Calcium oxalate crystals

b. Uric acid crystals

c. Triple phosphate crystals

d. Cystine crystals

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16. A cast composed of lipid material is called a:

a. Waxy cast

b. Fatty cast

c. Granular cast

d. Hyaline cast

17 / 20

17. Which type of crystal is often found in acidic urine and can be associated with gout?

a. Uric acid crystals

b. Triple phosphate crystals

c. Cystine crystals

d. Calcium oxalate crystals

18 / 20

18. When is the presence of renal tubular cells in urine most concerning?

a. During a urinary tract infection

b. After vigorous exercise

c. In acute kidney injury

d. Following a kidney transplant

19 / 20

19. In a clean-catch urine sample, what is the primary source of squamous epithelial cells?

a. Kidneys

b. Urethra

c. Prostate

d. Bladder

20 / 20

20. Oval fat bodies in urine are often seen in patients with:

a. Kidney stones

b. Glomerulonephritis

c. Hypertension

d. Diabetes

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“Unlocking the Secrets of Urine: A Comprehensive Guide to Urine Examination”

Urine is a waste product its excrete from kidney .Urine remove waste    product from our body it contains more that 98% water and other waste product like urea the  Urine Examination  is importance for metabolic disorder.

URINE EXAMINATION  

Urine Examination  it importance for diagnosis and assistance in the various disease routine examination of urine it’s divided into four part.

1. SAMPLE COLLECTION
2. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
3. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION
4. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION

1. Sample Collection :-

The specimen should been properly collected in a clean container which should be properly labeled with the name of the patient, age, gender, identification with date and time collection.

Procedure:-

For routine examination a clean glass tube or capped jar is used morning first mid stream sample is best since it is most concentrate around 10-20 ml urine is required for routine examination .

2. Physical Examination Of Urine:-

Physical examination of urine is consisting following

1. Volume
2. Color
3. Ph
4. Specific gravity
5. Odor  and
6. Appearance.

3. Chemical Examination Of Urine

Chemical examination of urine consists following examination.

1. Bile Salt (Hay^’s Sulphure Method)
2. Glucoseuria (Benedict Method)
3. Ketone Body (Rotheras, Gerhardt’s and Strip Method)
4. Proteinuria (Heat and acetic acid, Sulpho Salicylic Acid,Hellers or Nitric acid, and Esbach albuminometer Method)
5. Bence Jones Proteinuria (HCl Method)
6. Urobilinogen (Ehrlich Method)
7. Bile Pigment (Fouchets Method)
8. Occult Blood (Orthotoluidine and Benzidine Method).

4. Microscopic examination of urine is consisting following steps.

1. Sedimentation Preparation
2. Slide Preparation
3. Microscopic Examination.

Urine is unstained preparation and its microscopic examination is routinely done under reduce light using the light microscope low with partial closure of iris diaphragm. First examine it under low power field lens then under high power field and keep on changing the fine adjustment in order to visualize the sediments and report as number of cell, cast, crystal, per high power field.

Following constituents are frequently reported in the urine on microscopic examination.

1. Cast
2. Crystal
3. Cells
4. Miscellaneous Structure.

Also Read

1. Examination of Specific gravity of urine
2. Bile Salt (Hay^’s Sulphure Method)
3. Glucoseuria (Benedict Method)
4. Ketone Body (Rotheras, Gerhardt’s and Strip Method)
5. Proteinuria (Heat and acetic acid, Sulpho Salicylic Acid,Hellers or Nitric acid, and Esbach albuminometer Method)
6. Bence Jones Proteinuria (HCl Method)
7. Urobilinogen (Ehrlich Method)
8. Bile Pigment (Fouchets Method)
9. Occult Blood (Orthotoluidine and Benzidine Method).
10. Sedimentation Preparation
11. Slide Preparation
12. Microscopic Examination.

Reference

1. “Clinical Chemistry: Techniques, Principles, Correlations” by Michael L. Bishop and Edward P. Fody: This comprehensive text covers various aspects of clinical chemistry, including urinalysis. It’s widely used in medical and clinical laboratory education.
2. “Henry’s Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods” by Richard A. McPherson and Matthew R. Pincus: This is a well-regarded resource that provides insights into laboratory tests, including urinalysis, and their clinical applications.
3. “Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics” by Nader Rifai, Andrea R. Horvath, and Carl T. Wittwer: This textbook offers a broad view of clinical chemistry, including urinalysis and molecular diagnostics, making it a valuable resource for students and professionals.
4. “Urinalysis and Body Fluids” by Susan King Strasinger and Marjorie Schaub Di Lorenzo: This book is specifically focused on urinalysis and the examination of other body fluids. It is used in many medical laboratory technician programs.
5. “Urinalysis in Clinical Laboratory Practice” by John A. Lott and W. Gregory Miller: This book provides a detailed look at the theory and practice of urinalysis, making it suitable for those studying or working in clinical laboratories.
6. “Urine Analysis: A Color Atlas and Text” by David S. Goldfarb and Alan S. L. Yu: This text combines visual representations with explanatory text to aid in the understanding and interpretation of urine analysis.
7. “Pathology Practical Book” by Harsh Mohan: Third Edition.
8. Internet, Wikipedia