WBCs Count by Neubaur’s Chamber

Practical No. 10023: WBCs Count Step By Step

Title/ Aim: To perform the Total WBCs Count of a given sample.

Principle

The glacial acetic acid lyses the red cells while the gentian violet slightly stains the nuclei of the leukocytes. The blood specimen is diluted 1:20 in a WBC pipette with the diluting fluid & cells are counted under low power objective. The number of cells in undiluted blood is calculated & reported as the number of WBC/cumm of whole blood.

Requirements:

1. Microscope

2. Improved Neubauer’s chamber

3. WBC pipette

4. WBC diluting fluid

5. Capillary blood or EDTA Blood

Procedure

1. Draw blood up to 0.5 mark of W.B.C pipette.

2. Wipe excess blood outside the pipette by using cotton.

3. Draw diluting fluid up to 11 mark.

4. Mix the contents in the pipette. After 5 minutes discard, a few drops charge the counting chamber, and allow the cells to settle for 2 to 3min.

5. Adjust the chamber by using a low-power objective.

6. Count the number of cells in large four-corner squares.

7. While counting cells attached to the left and upper margin are counted and those attached to the right and lower margin are not counted.

Clinical significance

An increase in total leucocyte count of more than 10,000 is called Leukocytosis and a decrease in count of less than 4,000 is called Leucopenia.

Causes of leukocytosis: It may be physiological or pathological.

Physiological

· Age- At birth, the total leukocyte count is about 18000/cumm it drops gradually to the adult level.

· Pregnancy- At ‘full term’, the total count tends to be about 12000 to 15000 /cumm. It rises soon after delivery and then gradually returns to normal.

· High temperature

· Severe pain

· Muscular exercise

Pathological:

· It is for a transient period of infection.

· The degree of rise in leucocytes depends on 23 the type & severity of infection& response of
the body.

· The infection may be bacterial, viral, protozoal, or parasitic.

· Leukocytosis is also observed in severe hemorrhage.

· Leukemia.

Cause of leucopenia certain viral and bacterial infections lead to leucopenia.

1. Infections

· Bacterial (typhoid, paratyphoid, tuberculosis)

· Viral (hepatitis, influenza, measles)

· Protozoal (malaria)

2. Some cases of leukemia
(Subleukemic leukemia), Anemia (iron deficiency, megaloblastic, Aplastic)

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"Mastering Urine Examination: 20 MCQs with Answers for Competitive and Academic Success"

1 / 20

1. Which type of crystal is often associated with ammonium urate?

a. Calcium oxalate crystals

b. Cholesterol crystals

c. Ammonium urate crystals

d. Uric acid crystals

2 / 20

2. What is the primary function of casts in urine?

a. To help maintain pH balance

b. To store waste products

c. To provide a matrix for proteins

d. To transport urea

3 / 20

3. What is the most common type of epithelial cell found in urine?

a. Squamous epithelial cells

b. Renal tubular epithelial cells

c. Transitional epithelial cells

d. Columnar epithelial cells

4 / 20

4. When is the presence of renal tubular cells in urine most concerning?

a. In acute kidney injury

b. Following a kidney transplant

c. During a urinary tract infection

d. After vigorous exercise

5 / 20

5. Which of the following is not a type of white blood cell?

a. Eosinophil

b. Thrombocyte

c. Monocyte

d. Neutrophil

6 / 20

6. Oval fat bodies in urine are often seen in patients with:

a. Diabetes

b. Hypertension

c. Glomerulonephritis

d. Kidney stones

7 / 20

7. Which type of crystal is often associated with a strong ammonia odor in urine?

a. Calcium oxalate crystals

b. Ammonium urate crystals

c. Uric acid crystals

d. Cholesterol crystals

8 / 20

8. The presence of eosinophilic casts in urine may be indicative of:

a. Glomerulonephritis

b. Allergic interstitial nephritis

c. Renal calculi

d. Bacterial infection

9 / 20

9. Which type of cell is a hallmark of chronic renal disease?

a. White blood cells

b. Epithelial cells

c. Red blood cells

d. Renal tubular cells

10 / 20

10. Hyaline casts are primarily composed of:

a. White blood cells

b. Protein

c. Red blood cells

d. Crystals

11 / 20

11. What is the primary function of casts in urine?

a. To provide a matrix for proteins

b. To transport urea

c. To store waste products

d. To help maintain pH balance

12 / 20

12. The presence of white blood cell casts in urine may indicate:

a. Dehydration

b. Proteinuria

c. Pyelonephritis

d. Hematuria

13 / 20

13. Dysmorphic red blood cells in urine are suggestive of:

a. Lower urinary tract bleeding

b. Glomerular bleeding

c. Urologic cancer

d. Tubular bleeding

14 / 20

14. Which type of crystal is often found in acidic urine and can be associated with gout?

a. Cystine crystals

b. Calcium oxalate crystals

c. Triple phosphate crystals

d. Uric acid crystals

15 / 20

15. Which type of crystal may appear as "sheaves of wheat" in urine?

a. Triple phosphate crystals

b. Calcium oxalate crystals

c. Uric acid crystals

d. Cystine crystals

16 / 20

16. A cast composed of lipid material is called a:

a. Hyaline cast

b. Waxy cast

c. Granular cast

d. Fatty cast

17 / 20

17. What is the primary function of transitional epithelial cells?

a. Absorption of nutrients

b. Secretion of hormones

c. Transport of oxygen

d. Lining the urinary tract

18 / 20

18. In a clean-catch urine sample, what is the primary source of squamous epithelial cells?

a. Urethra

b. Kidneys

c. Prostate

d. Bladder

19 / 20

19. The presence of urate crystals in urine may appear as:

a. Brown amorphous granules

b. Coffin-lid-shaped crystals

c. Colorless needles

d. Hexagonal plates

20 / 20

20. The presence of which type of crystals in urine is associated with cystinuria?

a. Uric acid crystals

b. Triple phosphate crystals

c. Calcium oxalate crystals

d. Cystine crystals

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